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Clinicopathological parameters for the clinical tumour set
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1) Product Images from "Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells"

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells

Journal: Breast cancer research : BCR

doi: 10.1186/bcr1754

Clinicopathological parameters for the clinical tumour set
Figure Legend Snippet: Clinicopathological parameters for the clinical tumour set

Techniques Used:

Effects of gefitinib on erbB receptor dimerization patterns and activity of associated downstream signalling elements. (a) Western blot (WB) analysis of phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (p-EGFR), phosphorylated erbB2, phosphorylated tyrosine (Tyr) and total erbB3 protein expression following immunoprecipitation with total erbB3 antibody in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (Tam-R) cells prior to and following incubation of Tam-R cells with gefitinib (1 μM) for 1 hour. (b) WB analysis of total and phosphorylated EGFR, erbB2, AKT and ERK1/2 protein expression in Tam-R cells prior to and following incubation with gefitinib (1 μM) for 1 hour. (c) WB analysis of total and phosphorylated EGFR, erbB2 and erbB3 protein expression following immunoprecipitation with total EGFR antibody in Tam-R cells prior to and following incubation with gefitinib (1 μM) for 1 hour. Tamoxifen (100 nM) was present in all studies. Data are representative of at least three separate experiments.
Figure Legend Snippet: Effects of gefitinib on erbB receptor dimerization patterns and activity of associated downstream signalling elements. (a) Western blot (WB) analysis of phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (p-EGFR), phosphorylated erbB2, phosphorylated tyrosine (Tyr) and total erbB3 protein expression following immunoprecipitation with total erbB3 antibody in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (Tam-R) cells prior to and following incubation of Tam-R cells with gefitinib (1 μM) for 1 hour. (b) WB analysis of total and phosphorylated EGFR, erbB2, AKT and ERK1/2 protein expression in Tam-R cells prior to and following incubation with gefitinib (1 μM) for 1 hour. (c) WB analysis of total and phosphorylated EGFR, erbB2 and erbB3 protein expression following immunoprecipitation with total EGFR antibody in Tam-R cells prior to and following incubation with gefitinib (1 μM) for 1 hour. Tamoxifen (100 nM) was present in all studies. Data are representative of at least three separate experiments.

Techniques Used: Activity Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, Immunoprecipitation, Incubation

Effects of HRGβ1 and gefitinib on erbB receptor dimerization patterns and associated downstream signalling activity. (a) Western blot (WB) analysis of phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphorylated erbB2, phosphorylated tyrosine (Tyr) and total erbB3 protein expression following immunoprecipitation with total erbB3 antibody in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (Tam-R) cells prior to and following treatment with either gefitinib (1 μM) or vehicle control for 1 hour followed by HRGβ1 (10 ng/ml) for 5 minutes. (b) WB analysis of total and phosphorylated EGFR, erbB2, AKT and ERK1/2 protein expression in Tam-R cells prior to and following incubation with either gefitinib (1 μM) or vehicle control for 1 hour followed by either HRGβ1 (10 ng/ml) or vehicle control for 5 minutes. Tamoxifen was also present in all studies. Data are representative of at least three separate experiments.
Figure Legend Snippet: Effects of HRGβ1 and gefitinib on erbB receptor dimerization patterns and associated downstream signalling activity. (a) Western blot (WB) analysis of phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphorylated erbB2, phosphorylated tyrosine (Tyr) and total erbB3 protein expression following immunoprecipitation with total erbB3 antibody in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (Tam-R) cells prior to and following treatment with either gefitinib (1 μM) or vehicle control for 1 hour followed by HRGβ1 (10 ng/ml) for 5 minutes. (b) WB analysis of total and phosphorylated EGFR, erbB2, AKT and ERK1/2 protein expression in Tam-R cells prior to and following incubation with either gefitinib (1 μM) or vehicle control for 1 hour followed by either HRGβ1 (10 ng/ml) or vehicle control for 5 minutes. Tamoxifen was also present in all studies. Data are representative of at least three separate experiments.

Techniques Used: Activity Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, Immunoprecipitation, Incubation

Effects of combining gefitinib with trastuzumab or LY294002 on HRGβ1-driven signalling in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells. Western analysis of total and phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), erbB2, AKT and ERK1/2 protein expression in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (Tam-R) cells prior to and following incubation with either (a) trastuzumab (100 nM) or vehicle control for 7 days, (b) LY294002 (10 μM) or vehicle control for 1 hour, (c) gefitinib (1 μM), gefitinib in combination with trastuzumab or vehicle control for 7 days, and (d) gefitinib, gefitinib in combination with LY294002 or vehicle control for 1 hour, all followed by either HRGβ1 (10 ng/ml) or vehicle control for 5 minutes. Tamoxifen was also present in all studies. Data are representative of at least three separate experiments.
Figure Legend Snippet: Effects of combining gefitinib with trastuzumab or LY294002 on HRGβ1-driven signalling in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells. Western analysis of total and phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), erbB2, AKT and ERK1/2 protein expression in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (Tam-R) cells prior to and following incubation with either (a) trastuzumab (100 nM) or vehicle control for 7 days, (b) LY294002 (10 μM) or vehicle control for 1 hour, (c) gefitinib (1 μM), gefitinib in combination with trastuzumab or vehicle control for 7 days, and (d) gefitinib, gefitinib in combination with LY294002 or vehicle control for 1 hour, all followed by either HRGβ1 (10 ng/ml) or vehicle control for 5 minutes. Tamoxifen was also present in all studies. Data are representative of at least three separate experiments.

Techniques Used: Western Blot, Expressing, Incubation

Immunohistochemical staining for HRGβ1 in primary breast cancer specimens. (a) Examples of high and low HRGβ1 expression. Scale bars = 20 μm. (b) Box-plots illustrating cytoplasmic HRGβ1 immunohistochemistry assessed by H-score analysis in membrane (mem) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-negative, erbB2-negative and erbB3-negative primary breast cancer versus membrane EGFR-positive, erbB2-positive and erbB3-positive primary breast cancer. A significant positive correlation between cytoplasmic HRGβ1 expression and membrane erbB receptor positivity was only seen with EGFR (Mann–Whitney U test, P = 0.04). (c) Box-plots illustrating cytoplasmic HRGβ1 immunohistochemistry assessed by H-score analysis in membrane (mem) phosphorylated erbB2-negative versus membrane phosphorylated erbB2-positive primary breast cancer and in nuclear (nuc) phosphorylated ERK1/2-negative versus nuclear phosphorylated ERK1/2-positive primary breast cancer (Mann–Whitney U test, P = 0.006 and P = 0.017, respectively), and scatter plot illustrating the significant positive correlation between expression levels of nuclear phosphorylated AKT and cytoplasmic HRGβ1 in the same samples (Spearman rank test, P = 0.044).
Figure Legend Snippet: Immunohistochemical staining for HRGβ1 in primary breast cancer specimens. (a) Examples of high and low HRGβ1 expression. Scale bars = 20 μm. (b) Box-plots illustrating cytoplasmic HRGβ1 immunohistochemistry assessed by H-score analysis in membrane (mem) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-negative, erbB2-negative and erbB3-negative primary breast cancer versus membrane EGFR-positive, erbB2-positive and erbB3-positive primary breast cancer. A significant positive correlation between cytoplasmic HRGβ1 expression and membrane erbB receptor positivity was only seen with EGFR (Mann–Whitney U test, P = 0.04). (c) Box-plots illustrating cytoplasmic HRGβ1 immunohistochemistry assessed by H-score analysis in membrane (mem) phosphorylated erbB2-negative versus membrane phosphorylated erbB2-positive primary breast cancer and in nuclear (nuc) phosphorylated ERK1/2-negative versus nuclear phosphorylated ERK1/2-positive primary breast cancer (Mann–Whitney U test, P = 0.006 and P = 0.017, respectively), and scatter plot illustrating the significant positive correlation between expression levels of nuclear phosphorylated AKT and cytoplasmic HRGβ1 in the same samples (Spearman rank test, P = 0.044).

Techniques Used: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Expressing, Immunohistochemistry, MANN-WHITNEY

Related Articles

Activity Assay:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.

Western Blot:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.

Expressing:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.

Immunoprecipitation:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.

Incubation:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.

Immunohistochemical staining:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.

Staining:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.

Immunohistochemistry:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.

MANN-WHITNEY:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.

Small Interfering RNA:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.

Transfection:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.

Selection:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.

Concentration Assay:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.

Sterility:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.

Membrane:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.

Control:

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells
Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Fulvestrant-induced expression of ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptors sensitizes oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells to heregulin β1
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03), ErbB2 (SC-284), ErbB3 (SC-285), ErbB4 (SC-283), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1056, SC-33040) and cyclin D1 (SC20044; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK), as well as phospho-ErbB3 (pY1289, 4791), phospho-ErbB4 (pY1248, 4757), phospho-ErbB2 (pY1248, 2247), phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hertfordshire, UK), ERα (ID-5) (Dako, Ely, UK) and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Article Title: Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor signaling in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer: a supporting role to the epidermal growth factor receptor.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were directed against total EGFR SC-03, total IGF-IR SC-712 (Insight Biotechnology Ltd.), phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068), total and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, Hertfordshire, UK), phosphorylated IGFIR/IR (Y1158), total and phosphorylated (Y418) c-SRC and phosphorylated EGFR (Y845) (Biosource International, Nivelles, Belgium), -actin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd.; Poole, Dorset, UK), and specific phosphorylated IGF-IR (Y1316), a kind gift from AstraZeneca.

Article Title: Tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells is accompanied by an enhanced motile and invasive phenotype: inhibition by gefitinib ('Iressa', ZD1839).
Article Snippet: Despite an initial response to antihormonal therapies, the development of resistance will occur in a significant number of breast cancer patients.. The mechanisms that underlie acquired resistance are not yet clear.. Using a previously established in vitro cell model of tamoxifen resistance in MCF7 cells, shown to display autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling, we assessed how resistance might modulate their metastatic phenotype in vitro, as metastatic disease is the single most important factor affecting the mortality of cancer patients.

Article Title: Elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor/c-erbB2 heterodimers mediate an autocrine growth regulatory pathway in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.
Article Snippet: Antibodies used were: total EGFR (SC-03), total c-erbB2 (SC-284), total c-erbB3 (SC-285), total c-erbB4 (SC283), and antiphosphotyrosine (PY-20; SC-508; Insight Biotechnology Ltd., Wembley, UK); anti-phospho-EGFR (Y1173) mouse IgG and antiphospho-c-erbB2 (Y1248) mouse IgG (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Buckingham, UK); total ERK1/2 (T-9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (A-9101) MAPK rabbit polyclonal IgG (New England Biolabs, Inc., Hertfordshire, UK) and -actin (AC-15) mouse IgG (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK).

Article Title: Oestrogen Receptor-Mediated Modulation of the EGFR/MAPK Pathway in Tamoxifen-Resistant MCF-7 Cells
Article Snippet: Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels are usually maintained on acquisition of tamoxifen resistance in the clinic, however, tumour re-growth is associated with increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.. In the present study we have used the ER down-regulator fulvestrant (‘Faslodex’) to investigate the influence of the ER on growth of a tamoxifen-resistant (TAM-R) human breast cancer cell line.. Expression levels of ER mRNA and protein were equivalent in parental wild-type MCF-7 (WT) and TAM-R cells.



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Image Search Results


Clinicopathological parameters for the clinical tumour set

Journal: Breast cancer research : BCR

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells

doi: 10.1186/bcr1754

Figure Lengend Snippet: Clinicopathological parameters for the clinical tumour set

Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Techniques:

Effects of gefitinib on erbB receptor dimerization patterns and activity of associated downstream signalling elements. (a) Western blot (WB) analysis of phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (p-EGFR), phosphorylated erbB2, phosphorylated tyrosine (Tyr) and total erbB3 protein expression following immunoprecipitation with total erbB3 antibody in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (Tam-R) cells prior to and following incubation of Tam-R cells with gefitinib (1 μM) for 1 hour. (b) WB analysis of total and phosphorylated EGFR, erbB2, AKT and ERK1/2 protein expression in Tam-R cells prior to and following incubation with gefitinib (1 μM) for 1 hour. (c) WB analysis of total and phosphorylated EGFR, erbB2 and erbB3 protein expression following immunoprecipitation with total EGFR antibody in Tam-R cells prior to and following incubation with gefitinib (1 μM) for 1 hour. Tamoxifen (100 nM) was present in all studies. Data are representative of at least three separate experiments.

Journal: Breast cancer research : BCR

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells

doi: 10.1186/bcr1754

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of gefitinib on erbB receptor dimerization patterns and activity of associated downstream signalling elements. (a) Western blot (WB) analysis of phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (p-EGFR), phosphorylated erbB2, phosphorylated tyrosine (Tyr) and total erbB3 protein expression following immunoprecipitation with total erbB3 antibody in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (Tam-R) cells prior to and following incubation of Tam-R cells with gefitinib (1 μM) for 1 hour. (b) WB analysis of total and phosphorylated EGFR, erbB2, AKT and ERK1/2 protein expression in Tam-R cells prior to and following incubation with gefitinib (1 μM) for 1 hour. (c) WB analysis of total and phosphorylated EGFR, erbB2 and erbB3 protein expression following immunoprecipitation with total EGFR antibody in Tam-R cells prior to and following incubation with gefitinib (1 μM) for 1 hour. Tamoxifen (100 nM) was present in all studies. Data are representative of at least three separate experiments.

Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, Immunoprecipitation, Incubation

Effects of HRGβ1 and gefitinib on erbB receptor dimerization patterns and associated downstream signalling activity. (a) Western blot (WB) analysis of phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphorylated erbB2, phosphorylated tyrosine (Tyr) and total erbB3 protein expression following immunoprecipitation with total erbB3 antibody in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (Tam-R) cells prior to and following treatment with either gefitinib (1 μM) or vehicle control for 1 hour followed by HRGβ1 (10 ng/ml) for 5 minutes. (b) WB analysis of total and phosphorylated EGFR, erbB2, AKT and ERK1/2 protein expression in Tam-R cells prior to and following incubation with either gefitinib (1 μM) or vehicle control for 1 hour followed by either HRGβ1 (10 ng/ml) or vehicle control for 5 minutes. Tamoxifen was also present in all studies. Data are representative of at least three separate experiments.

Journal: Breast cancer research : BCR

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells

doi: 10.1186/bcr1754

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of HRGβ1 and gefitinib on erbB receptor dimerization patterns and associated downstream signalling activity. (a) Western blot (WB) analysis of phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), phosphorylated erbB2, phosphorylated tyrosine (Tyr) and total erbB3 protein expression following immunoprecipitation with total erbB3 antibody in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (Tam-R) cells prior to and following treatment with either gefitinib (1 μM) or vehicle control for 1 hour followed by HRGβ1 (10 ng/ml) for 5 minutes. (b) WB analysis of total and phosphorylated EGFR, erbB2, AKT and ERK1/2 protein expression in Tam-R cells prior to and following incubation with either gefitinib (1 μM) or vehicle control for 1 hour followed by either HRGβ1 (10 ng/ml) or vehicle control for 5 minutes. Tamoxifen was also present in all studies. Data are representative of at least three separate experiments.

Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, Immunoprecipitation, Incubation

Effects of combining gefitinib with trastuzumab or LY294002 on HRGβ1-driven signalling in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells. Western analysis of total and phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), erbB2, AKT and ERK1/2 protein expression in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (Tam-R) cells prior to and following incubation with either (a) trastuzumab (100 nM) or vehicle control for 7 days, (b) LY294002 (10 μM) or vehicle control for 1 hour, (c) gefitinib (1 μM), gefitinib in combination with trastuzumab or vehicle control for 7 days, and (d) gefitinib, gefitinib in combination with LY294002 or vehicle control for 1 hour, all followed by either HRGβ1 (10 ng/ml) or vehicle control for 5 minutes. Tamoxifen was also present in all studies. Data are representative of at least three separate experiments.

Journal: Breast cancer research : BCR

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells

doi: 10.1186/bcr1754

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effects of combining gefitinib with trastuzumab or LY294002 on HRGβ1-driven signalling in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells. Western analysis of total and phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), erbB2, AKT and ERK1/2 protein expression in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 (Tam-R) cells prior to and following incubation with either (a) trastuzumab (100 nM) or vehicle control for 7 days, (b) LY294002 (10 μM) or vehicle control for 1 hour, (c) gefitinib (1 μM), gefitinib in combination with trastuzumab or vehicle control for 7 days, and (d) gefitinib, gefitinib in combination with LY294002 or vehicle control for 1 hour, all followed by either HRGβ1 (10 ng/ml) or vehicle control for 5 minutes. Tamoxifen was also present in all studies. Data are representative of at least three separate experiments.

Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Incubation

Immunohistochemical staining for HRGβ1 in primary breast cancer specimens. (a) Examples of high and low HRGβ1 expression. Scale bars = 20 μm. (b) Box-plots illustrating cytoplasmic HRGβ1 immunohistochemistry assessed by H-score analysis in membrane (mem) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-negative, erbB2-negative and erbB3-negative primary breast cancer versus membrane EGFR-positive, erbB2-positive and erbB3-positive primary breast cancer. A significant positive correlation between cytoplasmic HRGβ1 expression and membrane erbB receptor positivity was only seen with EGFR (Mann–Whitney U test, P = 0.04). (c) Box-plots illustrating cytoplasmic HRGβ1 immunohistochemistry assessed by H-score analysis in membrane (mem) phosphorylated erbB2-negative versus membrane phosphorylated erbB2-positive primary breast cancer and in nuclear (nuc) phosphorylated ERK1/2-negative versus nuclear phosphorylated ERK1/2-positive primary breast cancer (Mann–Whitney U test, P = 0.006 and P = 0.017, respectively), and scatter plot illustrating the significant positive correlation between expression levels of nuclear phosphorylated AKT and cytoplasmic HRGβ1 in the same samples (Spearman rank test, P = 0.044).

Journal: Breast cancer research : BCR

Article Title: Heregulin β1 drives gefitinib-resistant growth and invasion in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells

doi: 10.1186/bcr1754

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunohistochemical staining for HRGβ1 in primary breast cancer specimens. (a) Examples of high and low HRGβ1 expression. Scale bars = 20 μm. (b) Box-plots illustrating cytoplasmic HRGβ1 immunohistochemistry assessed by H-score analysis in membrane (mem) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-negative, erbB2-negative and erbB3-negative primary breast cancer versus membrane EGFR-positive, erbB2-positive and erbB3-positive primary breast cancer. A significant positive correlation between cytoplasmic HRGβ1 expression and membrane erbB receptor positivity was only seen with EGFR (Mann–Whitney U test, P = 0.04). (c) Box-plots illustrating cytoplasmic HRGβ1 immunohistochemistry assessed by H-score analysis in membrane (mem) phosphorylated erbB2-negative versus membrane phosphorylated erbB2-positive primary breast cancer and in nuclear (nuc) phosphorylated ERK1/2-negative versus nuclear phosphorylated ERK1/2-positive primary breast cancer (Mann–Whitney U test, P = 0.006 and P = 0.017, respectively), and scatter plot illustrating the significant positive correlation between expression levels of nuclear phosphorylated AKT and cytoplasmic HRGβ1 in the same samples (Spearman rank test, P = 0.044).

Article Snippet: The antibodies used were total EGFR (SC-03) erbB2 (SC-284), erbB3 (SC-285) and erbB4 (SC-283) (Insight Biotechnology Ltd), anti-phospho-erbB2 (pY1248, 2247), anti-phospho-EGFR (pY1068, 2234), total AKT (9272), phospho-AKT (pS473, 9271), total ERK1/2 (9102) and phospho-ERK1/2 (pT202/pY204, 9101) (New England Biolabs, Hitchin, Hertfordshire, UK), and β-actin (AC-15) (Sigma).

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Expressing, Immunohistochemistry, MANN-WHITNEY

a Growth inhibition curve details. EGFR mutant Ba/F3 cells treated with combination therapy of afatinib and cetuximab. After 72 h of drug treatment, cell viability was measured using the CellTiter-Glo assay ( n = 3). b Growth inhibition curve details. EGFR mutant Ba/F3 cells treated with a combination therapy of EAI-045 and cetuximab. After 72 h of drug treatment, cell viability was measured using the CellTiter-Glo assay ( n = 3). c , d Inhibition of the EGFR signaling pathway in Ba/F3 EGFR mutant cells treated with the combination therapy of afatinib or EAI-045 with cetuximab (10 μg/mL) for 3 h (for afatinib) or 6 h (for EAI-045) was evaluated by western blot with the indicated antibodies.

Journal: NPJ Precision Oncology

Article Title: Microsecond-timescale MD simulation of EGFR minor mutation predicts the structural flexibility of EGFR kinase core that reflects EGFR inhibitor sensitivity

doi: 10.1038/s41698-021-00170-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Growth inhibition curve details. EGFR mutant Ba/F3 cells treated with combination therapy of afatinib and cetuximab. After 72 h of drug treatment, cell viability was measured using the CellTiter-Glo assay ( n = 3). b Growth inhibition curve details. EGFR mutant Ba/F3 cells treated with a combination therapy of EAI-045 and cetuximab. After 72 h of drug treatment, cell viability was measured using the CellTiter-Glo assay ( n = 3). c , d Inhibition of the EGFR signaling pathway in Ba/F3 EGFR mutant cells treated with the combination therapy of afatinib or EAI-045 with cetuximab (10 μg/mL) for 3 h (for afatinib) or 6 h (for EAI-045) was evaluated by western blot with the indicated antibodies.

Article Snippet: Proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes and immunoblotted with antibodies against phosphor-EGFR (Cell Signaling Technology, #4407 and #3777, 1:1,000), total EGFR (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-03, 1:5,000, or Cell Signaling Technology, #4267), phospho-Akt (Ser473; Cell Signaling Technology, #4060, 1:1,000), total Akt (Cell Signaling Technology, #4691, 1:5,000), phospho-ERK (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101, 1:5,000), total ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9102, 1:5,000), phospoh-S6 (Ser240/244, Cell Signaling Technology, #5364, 1:8,000), total S6 (Cell Signaling Technology, #2217, 1:5,000), or β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, A5228, 1:1,000).

Techniques: Inhibition, Mutagenesis, Glo Assay, Western Blot

a Growth inhibition curve details. EGFR mutant expressing Ba/F3 cells treated with serially diluted LY2409881. After 72 h of drug treatment, cell viability was measured using the CellTiter-Glo assay ( n = 3). b Chemical structure of LY2409881. c Inhibition of EGFR phosphorylation in the Ba/F3 cells expressing EGFR-L747P or EGFR-L858R mutation treated with 600 nM of LY2409881 for 3 h was evaluated by western blot with the indicated antibodies.

Journal: NPJ Precision Oncology

Article Title: Microsecond-timescale MD simulation of EGFR minor mutation predicts the structural flexibility of EGFR kinase core that reflects EGFR inhibitor sensitivity

doi: 10.1038/s41698-021-00170-7

Figure Lengend Snippet: a Growth inhibition curve details. EGFR mutant expressing Ba/F3 cells treated with serially diluted LY2409881. After 72 h of drug treatment, cell viability was measured using the CellTiter-Glo assay ( n = 3). b Chemical structure of LY2409881. c Inhibition of EGFR phosphorylation in the Ba/F3 cells expressing EGFR-L747P or EGFR-L858R mutation treated with 600 nM of LY2409881 for 3 h was evaluated by western blot with the indicated antibodies.

Article Snippet: Proteins were transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes and immunoblotted with antibodies against phosphor-EGFR (Cell Signaling Technology, #4407 and #3777, 1:1,000), total EGFR (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-03, 1:5,000, or Cell Signaling Technology, #4267), phospho-Akt (Ser473; Cell Signaling Technology, #4060, 1:1,000), total Akt (Cell Signaling Technology, #4691, 1:5,000), phospho-ERK (Cell Signaling Technology, #9101, 1:5,000), total ERK1/2 (Cell Signaling Technology, #9102, 1:5,000), phospoh-S6 (Ser240/244, Cell Signaling Technology, #5364, 1:8,000), total S6 (Cell Signaling Technology, #2217, 1:5,000), or β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, A5228, 1:1,000).

Techniques: Inhibition, Mutagenesis, Expressing, Glo Assay, Phospho-proteomics, Western Blot